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Influence of avian Plasmodium on their hosts
Dulavová, Kristýna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Vinkler, Michal (referee)
Avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are unicellular (and intracellular) protozoans of the group Haemospororida, using a blood-sucking insect (mosquito) as a vector and a bird as a vertebrate host. The effects of this disease, together with avian pox, have greatly influenced endemic populations of Hawaiian birds after introduction of a suitable vector to the islands by a human hand, leading to a drastic extinction of bird species; most of the remaining Hawaiian endemic species are now endangered. Apart from that, avian malaria is distributed nearly all over the world, infecting a variety of different hosts. This thesis is focused on the influence of avian malaria parasites mainly on their avian hosts. The most severe patologies caused by Plasmodium are associated with blood stages causing serious anemia in birds. More pathologies are connected with exoerythrocytic stages in the endothelial cells in various organs and are accompanied with external signs such as lethargy, respiratory distress, weakness, inappetence, sometimes weight loss and so on; different plasmodium species-bird host combinations have different outcomes. An interesting issue is the emerging tolerance against avian malaria in Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus virens), a species occupying low elevation areas of Hawaiian...
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Preventivní opatření ke snižování prevalence anémie v důsledku nedostatečné výživy - porovnání strategií Egypta a Afghánistánu
Coufalová, Andrea
Coufalová, A., Preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition – a comparison of Egypt and Afghanistan strategies. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno. Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, 2022. The thesis is based on a comparison of strategies to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition in two developing countries where the occurrence of anemia is a significant problem. Nutritional anemia currently represents a major problem of food security, which is caused primarily by the intake of food insufficient to cover the daily need for vitamins and minerals. More specifically, it was Egypt and Afghanistan, with each country trying to reduce the incidence of nutritional anemia in a different way. The comparison of the strategies of the two selected countries was based on the results of data available on the official websites of both individual countries and international institutions. The economic level was also compared to the possibility of comparing strategies and justifying causal ones. The strategy to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Egypt was found to be more successful than the strategy implemented in Afghanistan. The reason for these results was the different socio-economic level of the two countries, the political situation and other investigated factors that have an incalculable impact on nutrition. Fortification of basic food, which is a suitable tool to reduce nutritional anemia in the lower strata of the population and was successful in Egypt, cannot be implemented in developing countries in which a strong role of the state apparatus to promote long-term strategic goals does not work.
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Microcytic anemia, a survey of the prevalence of these diseases and of the prevalence of patients with limit values for these diseases
HAJDUCHOVÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor thesis is focused on anemia and the theoretical and practical analysis of microcytic anemias and their mechanisms. Anemia is the most widespread blood disorder. This disease affects nearly 30 % of the whole world. The theoretical part concerning microcytic anemias further analyzes three most typical microcytic disorders, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and thalasemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common, from these anemias and in the whole world. Anemias of chronic disease are detected in patients with a serious primary illness, in other words this anemia is a secondary illness. Thalasemia is not as widespread and it is less detected in patients. It is an genetical disorder of the structural composition of hemoglobin. The theoretical part also includes a section on iron metabolism and a chapter on haemoglobin. The practical part was prepared at the haematology laboratory of the Hořovice Hospital using the Allinity hq blood analyser from Abbott. In addition to the classical processing of samples on the analyzer, blood smears were created to assess the difference between a healthy individual and an individual with pathological erythrocyte changes. The number of analyzed samples was 271 and from that 31 % of the samples showed signs of anemia. These samples were predominantly from women, almost 65 %. The most represented type of anaemia, in terms of MCV, was normocytic anaemia. Microcytic anemias were evident in almost one-fifth of the anemic samples. There was a preponderance of hypochromic probands in the samples in which microcytic anemia was demonstrated. The blood smear values were supplemented with iron, transferrin and ferritin values from the biochemistry laboratory. Unfortunately, the number of these samples was not sufficient for further diagnostic evaluation.
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Temporarily excluded whole blood donors at the collection center of the Hematology-Transfusion Department in Jihlava Hospital
CAHOVÁ, Barbora
This bachelor thesis is focused on the topic of Temporarily excluded whole blood donors at the collection center of the Hematology and Transfusion Department in the Jihlava Hospital. The theoretical part of the work generally deals with blood donation according to applicable regulations and recommendations. This section describes the criteria for donation, the course of blood donation, self-exclusion, the production of transfusion products, the donor registry, the valuation of blood donors and the risks associated with donation. The methodology of the work included measuring the blood count of donors. At the collection center in Jihlava, the result of the blood count is one of the donor's pre-collection examinations. The blood count of donors is measured on a Sysmex XN 1000 analyzer. The values of hemoglobin, leukocytes and platelets are especially important. The main goal of the bachelor thesis was to find out the reasons for the temporary exclusion of whole blood donors at the collection center in Jihlava. The practical part was developed on the basis of data from the information systems HEMO and TIS. The reasons for the temporary exclusion were evaluated for the period 2000-2020. Another goal of the work was to find out how donors are informed at the collection center. Part of the practical part was a questionnaire for blood donors, which served to verify the most common reasons for temporary exclusion. The second part of the questionnaire was about the awareness and satisfaction of donors at the collection center. According to the results of the work, donors are most often temporarily excluded due to low levels of hemoglobin (red dye). It is also obvious that women are more often excluded than men. According to the donors, the awareness at the collection center in Jihlava is very good, which follows from the results of the questionnaire. In some cases, the increased awareness can contribute to reducing the number of temporarily rejected blood donors.
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Issue of diagnosis and treatment of sideropenic anemia
KALENSKÁ, Kateřina
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. It occurs in all countries of the world and it is mostly dependent on the standard of living. It is characterized by iron deficiency, which results in a reduced quality of life for adults, impaired child growth and the risk of abortion for pregnant women. Iron deficiency anemia can be diagnosed by hematological and biochemical blood tests. Iron deficiency is usually a secondary disease so the treatment of iron deficiency also depends on the treatment of primary desease. The practical part focuses on the topic of blood count and the examination of the feritin level with the automatic analysers. These parameters were defined for 15 anaemic patients with that were treated at the haematology department and at the clinical biochemistry department of the Hospital in Jindrichuv Hradec. The goal of the thesis is to determine the iron and feritin levels blood count for those patients and consequently establish a connection between the levels and the treatment of the anemia.
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Pathogenetic mechanisms of immune dysregulation and hematopoietic disorders
Svatoň, Michael ; Froňková, Eva (advisor) ; Filipp, Dominik (referee) ; Čermák, Jaroslav (referee)
Pathogenetic mechanisms of immune dysregulation and hematopoietic disorders Abstract The aim of my work was to introduce whole exome sequencing (WES) and a routine algorithm for data analysis in pediatric patients with suspected inborn error of immunity (IEI) or hematopoiesis. A clear molecular diagnosis based on genetic testingwas achieved in 25% of patients. Additionally, novel mutations not previously described in the pathogenesis of IEI or hematopoietic failure were revealed in 9% of the patients. Validation experiments were designed to confirm the causality of the identified mutations in the pathogenesis of the disease, based on literature review and known mechanisms of immune system development and regulation in these patients. Thanks to WES, we were able to elucidate the cause of two new congenital diseases - megaloblastic anemia due to a homozygous mutation of the SLC19A1 gene and immune dysregulation syndrome with autoimmune and autoinflammatory manifestations due to an X-linked mutation of the TLR8 gene in monozygotic twins with chronic autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). In five additional patients, novel mutations in the STAT3, SPTA1, SAMD9 and XIAP genes were identified and their causality in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic failure or IEI was demonstrated. In one patient with an atypical...
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Anemia in Intensive Care from the Perspective of a Nurse
Dubická, Zuzana ; Brixiová, Simona (advisor) ; Hrabánková-Navrátilová, Darja (referee)
v AJ: This thesis deals with the subject of anemia. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis is concerned with an overview of the well-known types of anemia, their etiology, diagnostics, symptoms and treatment. The practical part observes the awareness of the issue within the non-medical sanitary staff working at the intensive care units without professional supervision. The data will be collected in the form of structured questionnaires filled by a selected group of respondents. The thesis is, in the outcome, an educational material that can be used for comprehensive understanding of this issue in the adaptation process. The results of the research will be processed into tables with graphs. They will be summarized in the discussion as well as in the conclusion.
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Diagnostics and management of aloimunization in pregnancy
Kučerová, Rebecca ; Hornová, Markéta (advisor) ; Žižka, Zdeněk (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on the issue of maternal alloimmunization in pregnancy and deals with diagnostic and management of the alloimmunization. This complication would occur in approximately 2000 women in the Czech Republic per a year without a treatment. A pregnant woman is at risk if she is Rh(D) negative and the fetus inherits Rh(D) positivity from father. The development of alloimmunization can be prevented by early preventive dosage of anti-D globulin. Despite a systematically organized system of prophylaxis, a small number of pregnant women still experience immunization. Fetuses are at risk of developing anemia in the uterus and than after birth by developing hyperbilirubinemia. In the most severe cases of intrauterine anemia, the solution is intraumbilical transfusion of erythrocytes. The aim of this study was to summarize the outcomes of IUT in retrospect. The quantitative practical part is completed with 2 model study cases of hydrops fetalis. The quantitative part of the research analyzes the results of all IUTs performed in the period from 1991 to 2021 in the Center of Fetal Medicine of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of the General Hospital and the First Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague. Using tables and graphs, the data were then analyzed and described in...
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Human parvovirus B19 genotype study among the patients of Motol Univeristy Hospital
Dubišová, Mária ; Hubáček, Petr (advisor) ; Limberková, Radomíra (referee)
Parvovirus B19 is a common human pathogen that typically infects erythroid progenitors and causes hematological problems such as anemia and aplastic crises. The clinical presentation depends mainly on the immunological status of the patient. PVB19 can cause serious clinical disorders in immunocompromised patients after transplantation. More than 1500 samples from 90 patients who passed the HSCT in 2015 were tested for the presence of PVB19 in this work. This work describes the incidence of the virus and two typical periods of onset of infection in patients after the transplantation. Although several sources report the negative effect of PVB19 infection on the survival of allogeneic graft patients, this work did not confirm this assertion. Also, the results of this work suggest that allogenic grafts are not the main source for transmission, but that it is likely to be reactivated after long-term persistent or latent PVB19 infections. PVB19 is divided into 3 genotypes. Genotype 1 is the most widespread, genotype 2 is very rare in Europe for the last 10 years, and genotype 3 occurs mainly in tropical localities. This work as the first describes the distribution of genotypes in the Czech Republic. More than 130 samples from 125 PVB19 positive patients, stored in the Motol University Hospital from 2004...
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Anaemia disease models
Vondráková, Zuzana ; Bartůněk, Petr (advisor) ; Stopka, Tomáš (referee)
Hematopoiesis is a process by which blood cells are generated. All vertebrates have two phases of hematopoiesis - primitive and definitive. The main purpose of primitive hematopoiesis is the production of red blood cells, which provide oxygenation to the developing embryo. Other blood cell lineages are established by definitive hematopoiesis. The main function of erythrocytes is oxygen transport to all tissues. When erythrocyte production is decreased or they are damaged due to the membrane, enzyme or hemoglobin impairment, the condition called anemia arises. Sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia are called hemoglobinopathies as they are caused by the damaged hemoglobin. Fanconi anemia is caused by mutations in one of 21 genes of Fanconi anemia pathway, which plays an essential role in DNA repair. Diamond Blackfan anemia is caused by mutations gene for ribosomal proteins. Human cells, Mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio seem to be good models for study of this diseases and they are also useful for achieving therapeutical goals.
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